package lwt

Lwt    " " "

Lwt is a concurrent programming library for OCaml. It provides a single data type: the promise, which is a value that will become determined in the future. Creating a promise spawns a computation. When that computation is I/O, Lwt runs it in parallel with your OCaml code.

OCaml code, including creating and waiting on promises, is run in a single thread by default, so you don't have to worry about locking or preemption. You can detach code to be run in separate threads on an opt-in basis.

Here is a simplistic Lwt program which requests the Google front page, and fails if the request is not completed in five seconds:

open Lwt.Syntax

let () =
  let request =
    let* addresses = Lwt_unix.getaddrinfo "google.com" "80" [] in
    let google = Lwt_unix.((List.hd addresses).ai_addr) in

    Lwt_io.(with_connection google (fun (incoming, outgoing) ->
      let* () = write outgoing "GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n" in
      let* () = write outgoing "Connection: close\r\n\r\n" in
      let* response = read incoming in
      Lwt.return (Some response)))
  in

  let timeout =
    let* () = Lwt_unix.sleep 5. in
    Lwt.return None
  in

  match Lwt_main.run (Lwt.pick [request; timeout]) with
  | Some response -> print_string response
  | None -> prerr_endline "Request timed out"; exit 1

(* ocamlfind opt -package lwt.unix -linkpkg example.ml && ./a.out *)

In the program, functions such as Lwt_io.write create promises. The let* ... in construct is used to wait for a promise to become determined; the code after in is scheduled to run in a "callback." Lwt.pick races promises against each other, and behaves as the first one to complete. Lwt_main.run forces the whole promise-computation network to be executed. All the visible OCaml code is run in a single thread, but Lwt internally uses a combination of worker threads and non-blocking file descriptors to resolve in parallel the promises that do I/O.

Overview

Lwt compiles to native code on Linux, macOS, Windows, and other systems. It's also routinely compiled to JavaScript for the front end and Node by js_of_ocaml.

In Lwt,

• The core library Lwt provides promises...
• ...and a few pure-OCaml helpers, such as promise-friendly mutexes, condition variables, and mvars.
• There is a big Unix binding, Lwt_unix that binds almost every Unix system call. A higher-level module Lwt_io provides nice I/O channels.
• Lwt_process is for subprocess handling.
• Lwt_preemptive spawns system threads.
• The PPX syntax allows using all of the above without going crazy!
• There are also some other helpers, such as Lwt_react for reactive programming. See the table of contents on the linked manual pages!

Installing

1. Use your system package manager to install a development libev package. It is often called libev-dev or libev-devel.
2. opam install conf-libev lwt

Documentation

We are currently working on improving the Lwt documentation (drastically; we are rewriting the manual). In the meantime:

• The current manual can be found here.
• Mirage has a nicely-written Lwt tutorial.
• An example of a simple server written in Lwt.
• Concurrent Programming with Lwt is a nice source of Lwt examples. They are translations of code from the excellent Real World OCaml, but are just as useful if you are not reading the book.

Note: much of the current manual refers to 'a Lwt.t as "lightweight threads" or just "threads." This will be fixed in the new manual. 'a Lwt.t is a promise, and has nothing to do with system or preemptive threads.

Contact

Open an issue, visit Discord chat, ask on discuss.ocaml.org, or on Stack Overflow.

Release announcements are made in /r/ocaml, and on discuss.ocaml.org. Watching the repo for "Releases only" is also an option.

Contributing

• CONTRIBUTING.md contains tips for working on the code, such as how to check the code out, how review works, etc. There is also a high-level outline of the code base.
• Ask us anything, whether it's about working on Lwt, or any question at all about it :)
• The documentation always needs proofreading and fixes.
• You are welcome to pick up any other issue, review a PR, add your opinion, etc.
• Any feedback is welcome, including how to make contributing easier!

Libraries to use with Lwt

• alcotest — unit testing
• angstrom — parser combinators
• cohttp — HTTP client and server
• cstruct — interop with C-like structures
• ezjsonm — JSON parsing and output
• faraday — serialization combinators
• logs — logging
• lwt-parallel — distributed computing
• mwt — preemptive (system) thread pools
• opium — web framework